Cost-effectiveness of somatrogon in the Spanish pediatric population with growth hormone deficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cost-effectiveness of weekly somatrogon compared to daily growth hormones (GH-d) in the pediatric population of Spain with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). METHODS: Markov model with two states (patients with or without GH-d or somatrogon treatment) in prepubertal children (3 to 11 years and 3 to 12 years in girls and boys, respectively) with GHD in isolation or as part of multiple pituitary hormone deficiency and without previous treatment, from the perspective of the National Health System. The simulation of the economic model ends at the age of 18. The costs of hormones and monitoring were obtained from Spanish sources. The utilities were obtained from the literature. Spanish clinical experts validated the assumptions of the model. RESULTS: In the deterministic analysis, somatrogon would be cost-effective, compared to GH-d, with a cost per QALY (quality-adjusted life year) gained of €19,259 and a clinically relevant QALY gain (0.336). This result was confirmed in deterministic sensitivity analyses. According to the probabilistic analysis, somatrogon would be the dominant treatment, with a 61% probability of a willingness to pay of €25,000 per QALY gained. CONCLUSION: Compared to GH-d, somatrogon is cost-effective in the Spanish pediatric population with GHD.

Delphi consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of patients with short stature in Spain: GROW-SENS study.

PURPOSE: To identify consensus aspects related to the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of short stature in children to promote excellence in clinical practice. METHODS: Delphi consensus organised in three rounds completed by 36 paediatric endocrinologists. The questionnaire consisted of 26 topics grouped into: (1) diagnosis; (2) monitoring of the small-for-gestational-age (SGA) patient; (3) growth hormone treatment; and (4) treatment adherence. For each topic, different questions or statements were proposed. RESULTS: After three rounds, consensus was reached on 16 of the 26 topics. The main agreements were: (1) diagnosis tests considered as a priority in Primary Care were complete blood count, biochemistry, thyroid profile, and coeliac disease screening. The genetic test with the greatest diagnostic value was karyotyping. The main criterion for initiating a diagnostic study was prediction of adult stature 2 standard deviations below the target height; (2) the main criterion for initiating treatment in SGA patients was the previous growth pattern and mean parental stature; (3) the main criterion for response to treatment was a significant increase in growth velocity and the most important parameter to monitor adverse events was carbohydrate metabolism; (4) the main attitude towards non-responding patients is to check their treatment adherence with recording devices. The most important criterion for choosing the delivery device was its technical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the different degrees of consensus among paediatric endocrinologists in Spain concerning the diagnosis and treatment of short stature, which enables the identification of research areas to optimise the management of such patients.

[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to lack of 17α-hydroxylase: a report of a new mutation in the gene CYP17A1]. / Hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita debida a deficiencia de 17α-hidroxilasa: a propósito de una nueva mutación en el gen CYP17A1.

P450c17 enzyme catalyses two different reactions: the 17α-hydroxylation of progesterone and pregnenolone, and segmenting the carbon 17-20 binding from the 17,20lyase producing adrenal androgens. This enzyme is coded by the CYP17A1 gene. The case is presented of a 14 year old patient with delayed pubertal development and a high blood pressure for height and age. 46,XX karyotype. Hormonal studies highlighted hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, adrenal insufficiency and mineralocorticoid excess. Subsequent genetic studies showed a homozygous mutation in the CYP17A1 gene (c.753+G>A), not previously described, which is responsible for the pathophysiology of 17α-hydroxylase deficiency. This entity is a rare form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The disease often goes unnoticed until adolescence or early adult life, and should be suspected in 46,XY individuals with ambiguous genitalia or 46,XX with delayed puberty associated with hypertension and/or hypokalaemia.

[Type 1 polyglandular autoimmune syndrome associated with C322fsx372 mutation]. / Síndrome poliglandular autoinmune tipo 1 y mutación C322fsX372.

Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes are rare diseases based on autoimmune mechanisms in which endocrine and non-endocrine disorders coexist. In type 1 the characteristic manifestations are chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, hypoparathyroidism and adrenal insufficiency. A case is presented of a patient with typical clinical sequence, along with other changes, and in whom a mutation in homozygosis, C322fsX372, was detected after performing a molecular analysis of autoimmunity regulator gene (AIRE). Inheritance is autosomal recessive, associated with mutations in the AIRE gene, which encodes a protein involved in autoimmunity and immunodeficiency. For diagnosis, At least two of the three major clinical manifestations are required for a diagnosis. However, only one of them is necessary in the study of relatives of affected patients. These syndromes must be diagnosed early, given their high morbidity and mortality. Every manifestation needs to be treated, in order to maintain the quality of life.

[Autosomal dominant osteopetrosis: a presentation of 3 cases and a new gene mutation]. / Osteopetrosis autosómica dominante: a propósito de 3 casos y una mutación.

Osteopetrosis (OP) is a congenital bone disease which is caused by a functional disorder in osteoclasts with inability for normal bone resorption, leading to increased bone mineral density and bone sclerosis. It can be classified into different groups according to their clinical and their genetic characteristics: autosomal recessive with several subtypes (OPTB) or autosomal dominant type 1 or 2 (OPTA1-2). There is a wide clinical variability of the disease, from asymptomatic to lethal in the first months of life, with variable expressivity in the family members. Diagnosis is mainly clinical with genetic confirmation of the OP, and treatment is symptomatic. Three cases of OP are presented, with the discovery of a new gene mutation in LRP5 which caused OPTA1 in one of them.

Genitales ambiguous por hermafroditismo verdadero: comunicación de un nuevo caso y revisión / True hermaphroditism with ambiguous genitals: report of a new case and review

La presencia de genitales ambiguos en un recién nacido constituye una urgencia no solo médico-quirúrgica, sino también social, que requiere la colaboración de un equipo multidisciplinario. Se trata de una patología con una amplia diversidad de formas clínicas a considerar en el diagnóstico diferencial de formas clínicas a considerar en el diagnóstico deferencial de estas afecciones, entre ellas el hermafroditismo verdadero. El hermafroditismo verdadero es un trastorno poco frecuente caracterizado por la presencia de tejido ovárico y testicular en un mismo individuo. Presentamos el caso de un recién nacido con unos genitales ambiguos aunque con cierta orientación femenina, órganos internos femeninos, cariotipo 46 XX/46 XY, presencia de ovoteste y de ovario confirmados por estudio histológico de las gónadas. Se realiza una revisión de los principales aspectos clínicos de estas afecciones (AU)

The presence of ambiguous genitalia in a newborn is not only a surgical and medical emergency, but also social. It requires the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team. This disease has a wide variety of clinical forms that have to be considered in the differential diagnosis, one of them is the true hermaphroditism. True hermaphroditism is a rare disorder characterized by the presence of ovarian and testicular tissue in the same individual. We report the case od a newborn with ambiguous genitalia with a slight female predominance, female internal organs, karyotype 46XX/46 XY and presence of ovotestis and ovary tissue confirmed by histopathological examination of the gonads. We review the major clinical aspects of these conditions (AU)

Diferente expresividad de la mutacion Asn264LysfsX35 del gen GNAS en una familia afecta de pseudohipoparatiroidismo / Different expression of the Asn264LysfsX35 mutation of the GNAS gene in a family with pseudohypoparathyroidism

El pseudohipoparatiroidismo (PHP) comprende un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades endocrinológicas que se caracterizan por la existencia de hipocalcemia, hiperfosfatemia y resistencia tisular a la hormona paratiroidea. Se distinguen diferentes formas de PHP. El PHP-Ia es la forma más frecuente y asocia resistencia hormonal múltiple, signos clínicos de osteodistrofia hereditaria de Albright (OHA) y mutaciones en el gen GNAS codificador de la proteína Gsα. El pseudoPHP (PPHP) asocia igualmente mutaciones en el gen GNAS pero cursa con OHA aislada sin anomalías endocrinas. Se presenta una familia con madre afecta de PPHP y dos hijas con PHP-Ia que comparten la misma mutación inactivadora en heterocigosis en el gen GNAS (Asn264LysfsX35). Se discute la diferente expresividad clínica así como el modelo de herencia dominante con impronta genética en el que el fenotipo de la descendencia está deteminado por el sexo del progenitor afecto (AU)

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of endocrine diseases characterised by hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and resistance to PTH. There are different forms of PHP. PHP-Ia is the most frequent form and shows multi-hormonal resistance, GNAS (Gsα) mutations and signs of Albright́s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). PseudoPHP (PPHP) have isolated AHO without hormonal resistance and it is also caused by GNAS mutations. We present a family that share the same inactivating GNAS mutation (Asn264LysfsX35); the mother being affected with PPHP and the two daughters with PHP-Ia. We discuss the different clinical phenotypes and the dominant mode of inheritance with genetic imprinting where the phenotype of the offspring depends on the sex of the parent affected (AU)

[Different expression of the Asn264LysfsX35 mutation of the GNAS gene in a family with pseudohypoparathyroidism.]. / Diferente expresividad de la mutacion Asn264LysfsX35 del gen GNAS en una familia afecta de pseudohipoparatiroidismo.

Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) is a heterogeneous group of endocrine diseases characterised by hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphataemia and resistance to PTH. There are different forms of PHP. PHP-Ia is the most frequent form and shows multi-hormonal resistance, GNAS (Gs(α)) mutations and signs of Albright́s hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). PseudoPHP (PPHP) have isolated AHO without hormonal resistance and it is also caused by GNAS mutations. We present a family that share the same inactivating GNAS mutation (Asn264LysfsX35); the mother being affected with PPHP and the two daughters with PHP-Ia. We discuss the different clinical phenotypes and the dominant mode of inheritance with genetic imprinting where the phenotype of the offspring depends on the sex of the parent affected.

Deleción intersticial del brazo largo del cromosoma 4(4q12q21.1): comunicación de un nuevo caso / Intersticial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4(4q12-q21.1): report oa a new case

Se comunica un nuevo caso de deleción proximal del brazo largo del cromosoma 4 de novo, en un niño de 3 años de edad con rasgos fenotípicos compatibles con un síndrome de Waardemburg tipo II. Presentaba mechón de pelo blanco frontal, hipoacusia neurosensorial bilateral, desplazamiento lateral de cantos internos, heterocromía de iris, fisura velopalatina, lesiones hipocrómicas en tronco, hipotonía axial, extremidades cortas, deformidades de cuerpos vertebrales, retraso mental y ponderoestatural, reflujo gastroesofágico, síndrome de malabsorción, panhipopituitarismo, comunicación interauricular tipo ostium secundum, hipermetropía (11 dioptrías) y dificultad para la deglución. El cariotipo de alta resolución realizado en células de sangre periférica y piel hipo/hiperpigmentada puso de manifiesto una deleción intersticial en el brazo largo del cromosoma 4 (4q12-q21.1). El estudio mutacional del gen MITF (Waardenburg II) fue normal. Se revisan los casos similares descritos anteriormente en la bibliografía y se resalta que la asociación retraso mental y ponderoestatural en niños con rasgos fenotípicos que recuerdan al síndrome de Waardenburg o al piebaldismo aislado deben alertar sobre posibles deleciones en la estructura del brazo largo del cromosoma 4(AU)

We report a new case of a de novo interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4, in a three-year-old boy, with phenotypic features compatible with Waardenburg syndrome type II. Clinical examination disclosed the following abnormalities: white forelock, sensorineural hearing loss, hypertelorism, irisheterochromia, cleft palate, hypotonia, depigmented areas in trunk, short limbs and deformities in vertebral bodies, mental retardation and developmental delay. Further studies showed gastroesophageal reflux, malabsorption syndrome, panhypopituitarism, atrial septal defect, hypermetropia (11 diopters) and swallowing difficulties. Chromosome analysis of peripheral blood cells and hypopigmented and hyperpigmented skin cells showed an interstitial deletion of the long arm of chromosome 4 (4q12-q21.1). The results of the mutational study of the MITF gene (Waardenburg II) were normal. Genetic studies of the parentsal so produced normal results. We have reviewed similar cases previously published in the literature, and we stress the fact that the association of growth failure and mental retardation in children with a phenotype resembling piebald trait or Waardenburg syndrome should alert us to the possibility of deletions in the structure of the long arm of chromosome 4(AU)

[Study of bone mass in patients with growth hormone deficiency]. / Estudio de la masa ósea en el déficit de hormona de crecimiento.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate bone mineral density by radiogrametric study of metacarpal bone diameter and cortical thickness in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) before and during treatment with growth hormone (GH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 92 children with GHD (60 boys and 32 girls) divided into two groups: group I: 66 previously untreated patients (42 boys and 24 girls) aged between 3 and 14 years old; group II: 66 patients (42 girls and 24 boys) treated with GH and with a mean age of 10.2 +/- 3.1 years at treatment onset. Bone mass was studied indirectly by radiogrametry; the bone diameter and cortical thickness of the 2nd-3rd and 4th metacarpal bones were measured with a magnifying glass. As reference standards we used the Spanish longitudinal growth and development study (Andrea Prader Center, Zaragoza) in children aged between 0.5 and 9 years and the Swiss longitudinal standards in children aged 10 years of age and older. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Group I (spontaneous evolution): cortical thickness values were below the mean with statistically significant differences al 11, 12 and 13 years of age in girls and at 12, 13 and 14 years in boys. Bone diameter was diminished compared with controls in all the study periods and was significantly reduced at 8, 9, 10 and 11 years of age in girls and at 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 years in boys. Group II: (effect of GH treatment): cortical regression analysis showed a sharp increase in the first year of treatment with a subsequent moderate increase, which was statistically significant. Bone diameter showed a similar pattern with a significant increase which was more pronounced in the first period. CONCLUSIONS: Children with GHD have decreased bone mass before initiation of treatment and therefore show deficient acquisition of peak bone mass, which in normal conditions occurs during in the first 4-5 years of life and during adolescence. GH replacement therapy leads to recovery of bone mass, which is more pronounced in the first year of treatment and prevents the progressive reduction that appears in untreated patients. Therefore, GH treatment plays an important role in peak bone mass acquisition in children with GHD.

Estudio de la masa ósea en el déficit de hormona del crecimiento / Study of bone mass in patients with growth hormone deficiency

Objetivos. Evaluar la masa ósea con la medida de la cortical y el diámetro metacarpianos en pacientes con déficit de hormona de crecimiento (GH), antes y durante el tratamiento con GH. Pacientes y métodos. Se ha estudiado una población de 92 niños (60 varones, 32 mujeres) con déficit de GH, distribuidas en los siguientes grupos: grupo I, 66 pacientes (42 varones, 24 mujeres) que no habían recibido previamente tratamiento entre 3-14 años de edad; grupo II, 66 pacientes (42 varones, 24 mujeres) tratadas con GH, edad de inicio del tratamiento 10,2 6 3,1 años. La masa ósea se evaluó indirectamente por radiogrametría midiendo en la radiografía de la mano la cortical y el diámetro de 3 metacarpianos con una lupa de aumento. Como estándar de referencia se tomaron los propios españoles del estudio longitudinal del Centro Andrea Prader entre los 0,5 y los 9 años y los suizos de 10 años en adelante. La significación estadística p < 0,05. Resultados. Grupo I (evolución espontánea): la cortical evoluciona por debajo de la media y está disminuida significativamente a los 11, 12 y 13 años en las chicas y 12, 13 y 14 años en los chicos. El diámetro se encuentra disminuido en relación a los controles durante todo el período de observación y está disminuido significativamente a los 8, 9, 10 y 11 años en las chicas y a los 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 y 14 años en los chicos. Grupo II (impacto del tratamiento con GH): la cortical en su ecuación de regresión muestra un incremento brusco durante el primer año de tratamiento y a partir de allí mantiene un crecimiento moderado; estadísticamente es significativo. El diámetro sigue una evolución similar, aumenta de manera significativa de forma más marcada durante el primer período. Conclusiones. Los niños con déficit de GH, presentan un descenso de la masa ósea antes de iniciar el tratamiento, y por lo tanto, una adquisición deficiente del pico de masa ósea, que ocurre normalmente durante los primeros 4 y 5 años y durante la adolescencia. El tratamiento sustitutivo con GH provoca una recuperación de la masa ósea, más intensa durante el primer año de tratamiento y evita el deterioro progresivo que se aprecia en los pacientes no tratados y así desempeña un papel importante en la adquisición del pico de masa ósea en los niños con déficit de GH

Objectives. To evaluate bone mineral density by radiogrametric study of metacarpal bone diameter and cortical thickness in patients with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) before and during treatment with growth hormone (GH). Patients and methods. We studied 92 children with GHD (60 boys and 32 girls) divided into two groups: group I: 66 previously untreated patients (42 boys and 24 girls) aged between 3 and 14 years old; group II: 66 patients (42 girls and 24 boys) treated with GH and with a mean age of 10.2 6 3.1 years at treatment onset. Bone mass was studied indirectly by radiogrametry; the bone diameter and cortical thickness of the 2nd-3rd and 4th metacarpal bones were measured with a magnifying glass. As reference standards we used the Spanish longitudinal growth and development study (Andrea Prader Center, Zaragoza) in children aged between 0.5 and 9 years and the Swiss longitudinal standards in children aged 10 years of age and older. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results. Group I (spontaneous evolution): cortical thickness values were below the mean with statistically significant differences al 11, 12 and 13 years of age in girls and at 12, 13 and 14 years in boys. Bone diameter was diminished compared with controls in all the study periods and was significantly reduced at 8, 9, 10 and 11 years of age in girls and at 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 years in boys. Group II: (effect of GH treatment): cortical regression analysis showed a sharp increase in the first year of treatment with a subsequent moderate increase, which was statistically significant. Bone diameter showed a similar pattern with a significant increase which was more pronounced in the first period. Conclusions. Children with GHD have decreased bone mass before initiation of treatment and therefore show deficient acquisition of peak bone mass, which in normal conditions occurs during in the first 4-5 years of life and during adolescence. GH replacement therapy leads to recovery of bone mass, which is more pronounced in the first year of treatment and prevents the progressive reduction that appears in untreated patients. Therefore, GH treatment plays an important role in peak bone mass acquisition in children with GHD

[Study of bone mass in Turner syndrome]. / Estudio de la masa ósea en el síndrome de Turner.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate bone mass in patients with Turner syndrome by measuring metacarpal cortical thickness and bone diameter before and after treatment with oxandrolone, growth hormone (GH) and estrogens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We studied 42 girls with Turner syndrome divided into the following groups: group I: 31 patients aged between 3 and 15 years who were not treated before the study; group II: 15 patients treated with GH at start ages of between 5.2-14.8 years; group III: 17 patients treated with oxandrolone at start ages of between 5.3 and 15.2 years; group IV: 17 patients treated with estrogens and divided in different subgroups: IVa: seven patients treated with GH and estrogens at start ages of between 6.1 and 12.9 years; IVb: five patients treated with oxandrolone and estrogens at start ages of between 13.4 and 17.4 years, and IVc: five patients treated with oxandrolone, GH and estrogens at start ages of between 10.3 and 16.1 years. Bone mass was evaluated by a radiogrammetric method that measures the cortical thickness and bone diameter of three metacarpal bones with a magnifying glass. The results are expressed in SD according to Spanish longitudinal reference standards (Andrea Prader Center of Growth and Development) from 0.5 to 9 years of age and to Swiss standards from the age of 10 years onwards. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS: Group I (spontaneous development): cortical development was below the mean and was significantly diminished at the ages of 9, 13 and 14 years; bone diameter was decreased in relation to controls throughout the study period; group II (impact of GH treatment): cortical thickness showed a nonsignificant increase of 0.6 SD from baseline to years 3-4 of treatment and diameter increased by 0.5 SD from baseline to year 4 of treatment; group III (impact of oxandrolone): cortical thickness increased from -0.8 SD before treatment to 0.0 SD at years 2 and 3 of treatment; bone diameter increased from -1.5 SD at baseline to -1 SD at 3 years of treatment; group IV (impact of treatment with estrogens); IVa: cortical thickness and bone diameter increased; IVb: cortical thickness increased but bone diameter was unchanged; IVc: both cortical thickness and bone diameter increased. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that cortical thickness and bone diameter are decreased in untreated girls with Turner syndrome; cortical thickness was significantly decreased at the ages of 9, 13 and 14 years, while bone diameter was diminished at all ages, suggesting the presence of osteopenia in these patients. GH treatment produced a nonsignificant increase in cortical thickness and bone diameter. Oxandrolone treatment showed a positive effect on bone mass during the first few years of therapy. Because of the small number of patients, conclusions cannot be reached on the effectiveness of estrogens.

Estudio de la masa ósea en el síndrome de Turner / Study of bone mass in Turner syndrome

Los cuidados paliativos son esenciales en las unidades de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (UCIP). Dada la frecuencia de la muerte en las UCIP y la presencia de condiciones médicas que amenazan la vida del niño mientras este está ingresado, existe una necesidad de que el pediatra esté preparado para proporcionar cuidados paliativos, con independencia de los tratamientos curativos. En este artículo se revisan algunos temas, como el proceso de toma de decisiones en la UCIP, las necesidades psicosociales del personal sanitario y la vulnerabilidad al burnout, y los sentimientos y actitudes del personal sanitario ante la muerte del niño. Se proporcionan recomendaciones sobre cómo actuar cuando un niño muere, para concertar reuniones post mortem con los padres y para llevar a cabo el seguimiento del duelo, y se sugieren estrategias que pueden ayudar a afrontar las múltiples pérdidas que experimenta el pediatra de la UCIP

Palliative care is essential in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Because of the mortality rates and the presence of life-threatening conditions in children admitted to the PICU, pediatricians must be prepared to provide palliative care independently of cure-directed therapies. The present article reviews certain issues, including the decision- making process in the PICU, psychosocial needs and susceptibility to burnout among PICU staff, and the emotions and attitudes of the staff when a child dies. We provide some guidelines on how to act when a child dies, how to meet with parents after the child’s death and how to follow- up parental bereavement. Strategies that can help PICU pediatricians to cope with the numerous loses they experience are suggested

[Cleft palate and cleft lip. Clinical review]. / Fisura palatina y labio leporino. Revisión clínica.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study is to do an analytical study of cleft palate and cleft lip in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 85 clinical charts of patients attended in our hospital born between 1976 and 2001 in Aragon and Rioja were reviewed. We studied the incidence of oral cleft, associated malformations and morbidity, familial antecedents and perinatal data, phonatory disfunctions, serose otitis, growth failure and psychiatry problems. RESULTS: The mean incidence was 0.5/1000 newborns. 41.5% presented associated malformations and 19.3% were associated with a specific syndrome, being more frequent in patients affected of cleft palate and cleft lip (50%) than patients with only cleft palate (41.2%) or only cleft lip (8.8%). The most frequent malformations were: facial defects (50%), skeletal (33%), congenital cardiopathies (33%). 19% were born prematurely. The percentage of serose otitis that required control at hospital was 37.3%. 34.2% presented phonatory problems. There was a high incidence of growth failure and psychiatry problems. CONCLUSION: Oral clefts represent a complex clinical condition with a high percentage of medical complications that require a multidisciplinary treatment. The high incidence of congenital defects associated with this condition demand an exhaustive screening in the newborns affected.

¿Pubertad precoz mediada por betagonadotropina coriónica humana? / SS-hCG-induced precocious puberty?

No disponible

Monosomía r(13): a propósito de una nueva observación / Monosomy r(13). Report of case

Se comunica un nuevo caso de monosomía r(13) en un recién nacido varón con diagnóstico prenatal. Cuarto hijo de padres sanos y con descendencia normal. Presenta una dismorfia y múltiples malformaciones características de la afección. El estudio citogenético mostró un cariotipo 46, XY, r(13) (p11.2q32)/45, XY,-13. Nuestra observación es bastante similar a otras comunicaciones de la bibliografía y confirma la relación entre los síntomas clínicos y el segmento ausente del cromosoma 13. Se revisan los aspectos clínicos y citogenéticos de la afección (AU)

[Hormonal reference values for adrenocortical function in healthy children from Zaragoza]. / Valores de referencia hormonales de función corticosuprarrenal en niños sanos zaragozanos.

OBJECTIVE: Estimation of reference values for basal serum concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-OH-progesterone (17-OHP), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone, -4-androstendione ( 4A) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHA-S) in healthy children from Zaragoza. METHODS: Reference population were healthy children aged 0 to 14, with normal weight and height, living in the metropolitan area of Zaragoza (Spain). It is a transversal study. Reference values and ranges for ACTH, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-OHP, PRA, aldosterone, 4A and DHA-S were estimated, and changes in concentrations were analyzed in relation to age, sex and puberal stage. RESULTS: Reference values have been classified by puberal stage and age in eleven groups for every sex: Tanner I (umbilical cordon, 3 days, 4-30 days, 1-6 months, 6 months-4 years, 4-7 years, 7-10 years, 10-14 years), Tanner II, Tanner III and Tanner IV-V. Sex did not influence ACTH, cortisol, 17-OHP and PRA concentrations, and there are punctual differences in 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone, 4A and DHA-S levels. 17-OHP, 11-deoxycortisol and aldosterone concentrations significantly decreased from birth to 6 months-4 years and subsequently kept steady. The maximal concentration of ACTH, and ARP in blood cord significantly decreased until the period 6 months-4 years, and subsequent differences among different age groups, and between prepuberal and puberal groups are scarce. The highest concentration of 4A and DHA-S were observed in blood cord and third day of life, decreased until the lowest level in 6 months-4 years and progressively increased with age in prepuberty, and between prepuberty and puberty. The lowest concentration of cortisol was detected in 4-30 days, increased until 6 months-4 years and kept steady along the prepuberty and puberty. CONCLUSION: It is necessary that every population establish own reference values for ACTH, cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol, 17-OHP, PRA, aldosterone, 4A and DHA-S during infancy, childhood and adolescence, according to age, sex and puberal stage.

Valores de referencia hormonales de función corticosuprarrenal en niños sanos zaragozanos / Hormonal reference values for adrenocortical function in healthy children from Zaragoza (Spain)

Objetivo : Estimar los valores de referencia de las concentraciones séricas/plasmáticas basales de hormona corticotropa (ACTH), cortisol, 11-desoxicortisol, 17-OH-progesterona (17-OHP), actividad renina plasmática (ARP), aldosterona, (4-androstendiona (4A) y sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (DHA-S) en niños sanos zaragozanos. Métodos La población de referencia de este estudio transversal han sido niños sanos de 0-14 años, con peso y talla normales, residentes en el área urbana de Zaragoza. Se han estimado los valores e intervalos de referencia de ACTH, cortisol, 11-desoxicortisol, 17-OHP, ARP, aldosterona, 4A y DHA-S. Resultados Los valores de referencia se han clasificado por estadios puberales y edad, en 11 grupos para cada sexo: Tanner I (cordón umbilical, 3 días, 4-30 días, 1-6 meses, 6 meses-4 años, 4-7 años, 7-10 años, 10-14 años), Tanner II, Tanner III y Tanner IV-V. No existen diferencias entre sexos para ACTH, cortisol, 17-OHP y ARP, y las diferencias son puntuales para 11-desoxicortisol, aldosterona, 4A y DHA-S. Las concentraciones de 17-OHP, 11-desoxicortisol y aldosterona disminuyen significativamente con la edad desde el nacimiento hasta el período 6 meses-4 años y posteriormente se estabilizan. Las concentraciones de ACTH y ARP de cordón umbilical descienden significativamente hasta el período 6 meses-4 años, con escasas diferencias puntuales entre edades prepuberales y entre prepúberes y púberes. Las concentraciones máximas de 4A y DHA-S se aprecian en cordón y al tercer día, disminuyen hasta el nivel mínimo del período 6 meses-4 años y aumentan progresivamente con la edad en prepubertad y entre prepúberes y púberes. La concentración mínima de cortisol en el grupo 4-30 días aumenta hasta el período 6 meses-4 años en que se alcanzan los niveles estables de la prepubertad y pubertad. Conclusiones Las diferencias en los valores de referencia de ACTH, cortisol, 11-desoxicortisol, 17-OHP, ARP, aldosterona, 4A y DHA-S durante la infancia, niñez y adolescencia hacen necesario que cada población establezca sus propios valores en función de edad, sexo y estadio puberal, y para cada método de cuantificación utilizado (AU)